Part 1: Look at your progess
Part 2: Structure in your presentation
THE BEGINNING:
1 GREETING THE AUDIENCE
· Good morning, gentlemen.
· Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen.
· Hello. Thank you for being here.
· Thank you, Mr. Johnson, for that introduction.
2 ANNOUNCING THE PURPOSE OF YOUR TALK
· I am here today to talk about …
· My intention is to convince you that …
· The aim of my talk is show you that …
· The purpose of my presentation is to inform you about ...
· I'm going to talk about …
· I would like to talk about …
· The purpose of my presentation is……..
· My presentation would talk about…
3 PREVIEWING THE MAIN POINTS
· My talk today consists of three main points.
· I'd like to cover four main points in my talk today.
· I will address three separate issues in my talk today.
(other words you might want to use: sections, items, problems, questions,etc.)
4 ANNOUNCING THE MAIN ITEMS IN ORDER
· First … Second … Third … Last (but not least) …
· First of all … Next … Then … After that … Finally …
THE MIDDLE:
5 STARTING THE MAIN PART OF YOUR PRESENTATION
· I'd like to start by saying that …
· Let me begin by saying that …
· Okay, let's begin by looking at …
· To begin with, I'd like to discuss …
· I would like to start of by…
6 REFERRING TO VISUAL AIDS
· Let's take a look at the next foil (transparency / overhead / slide).
· As you can see from this chart, …
· We can see from this chart that …
· You will notice from this graph that …
· The table clearly shows that …
7 INTRODUCING A NEW POINT
· Now, I'd like to talk about …
· Next, let's turn to …
· Let's move on to …
8 GIVING AN EXAMPLE
· Let me give you an example.
· To show you what I mean, let's examine …
· For example, let's take a look at …
· To illustrate my point, consider …
· A case in point is …
9 GIVING A BALANCED VIEW
· On the other hand, …
· Nevertheless, …
· Still, …
· Having said that, …
10 ADDING A COMMENT
· By the way, let me say that …
· Incidentally, I'd like to say that …
· I might add that …
· Let me add a comment here.
11 MAKING A GENERALIZATION/ SUMMARIZATION
· On the whole …
· In general …
· Generally speaking …
· By and large …
· For the most part …
· Let me just summarize…
12 DRAWING A CONCLUSION FROM THE EVIDENCE
· From this, we can conclude that …
· From this, we can infer that …
· Based on this, we can draw the following conclusion / inference.
THE END:
13 REVIEWING THE MAIN POINTS
· I'd like to review the main points.
· I'd like to re-cap the main points.
· I'd like to go over the main points again briefly.
14 ENDING THE PRESENTATION
· In conclusion, …
· In conclusion let me say, …
· Let me conclude by saying, …
· Let me finish by saying, …
· In the end, …
15 INVITING QUESTIONS FROM YOUR LISTENERS
· I would be happy to answer any questions at this time.
· If there are any questions, I'll take them now.
· Are there any questions?
16 THANKING YOUR LISTENERS
· If there are no more questions, thank you for your attention.
· Thank you very much for your attention.
· Thank you for your attention.
· Thank you very much.
· Thank you.
Part 3: Transition Signals
Compare Paragraphs 1 and 2. Both give the same information, yet one is easier to follow because it contains transition signals like for example to lead the reader from one idea to the next.
Paragraph 1
A difference among the world's seas and oceans is that the salinity varies in different climate zones. The Baltic Sea in northern Europe is only one quarter as saline as the Red Sea in the Middle East. There are two reasons for this. In warm climates, water evaporates rapidly. The concentration of salt is greater than that in cold climate zones, where water evaporates slowly. In hot areas the surrounding land is dry and does not contribute much fresh water to dilute the salty seawater. The runoff created by melting snow in cold areas adds a considerable amount of fresh water to dilute the saline seawater.
(adapted from Oshima and Hogue, 1999)
Notice that the second paragraph is more coherent. Click on the transition signals in the paragraph below.
Paragraph 2
Another difference among the world's seas and oceans is that the salinity varies in different climate zones. For example, the Baltic Sea in northern Europe is only one quarter as saline as the Red Sea in the Middle East. There are two reasons for this. First of all, in warm climates, water evaporates rapidly; therefore, the concentration of salt is greater than that in cold climate zones, where water evaporates slowly. Secondly, in hot areas the surrounding land is dry and consequently does not contribute much fresh water to dilute the salty seawater. In contrast, the runoff created by melting snow in cold areas adds a considerable amount of fresh water to dilute the saline seawater.
(adapted from Oshima and Hogue, 1999)
Providing transitions between ideas is largely a matter of attitude. You must never assume that your readers know what you know. In fact, it's a good idea to assume not only that your readers need all the information that you have and need to know how you arrived at the point you're at, but also that they are not quite as quick as you are. You might be able to leap from one side of the stream to the other; believe that your readers need some stepping stones and be sure to place them in readily accessible and visible spots.
To indicate sequence or to order information :
first, second etc.
followed by
at this point
next, last, finally
previously, subsequently
after that
initially
and then
next, before, after
concurrently
simultaneously
meanwhile
To introduce an example:
in this case
for example
for instance
on this occasion
to illustrate
to demonstrate
this can be seen
when/where . . .
take the case of
To indicate time:
immediately
thereafter
formerly
finally
prior to
previously
then
soon
during
at that time
before, after
at this point
To logically divide an idea:
first, next, finally
firstly, secondly, thirdly
initially, subsequently, ultimately
To compare:
similarly
by comparison
similar to
like, just like
whereas
balanced against
To contrast:
on the other hand
balanced against
however
on the contrary
unlike
differing from
a different view is
despite
To introduce an additional idea:
in addition
also
finally
moreover
furthermore
one can also say
and then
further
another
To introduce an opposite idea or show exception:
however
on the other hand
whereas
instead
while
yet
but
despite
in spite of
nevertheless
even though
in contrast
it could also be said that
To give an example:
for example
to illustrate
for instance
in this case
to demonstrate
take the case of
To indicate a result/ cause of something:
therefore
thus
consequently
as a consequence
as a result
hence
To summarise or conclude:
in summary
in conclusion
in brief
as a result
on the whole
summing up
as shown
ultimately
therefore
consequently
thus
in other words
to conclude
to summarise
finally
Grammar:
Go over exercise
Go to sentence structure
Part of the Speech exercise
Identify the part of the speech on the highlighted words in the following sentences:
- I bought a beautiful dress at the mall.
- What did she ask you to do?
- I left my shoes under the kitchen table.
- If we finished our work quickly, we can go to the movies.
- On Saturdays, I work from nine to five.
- I want to go to a university in United States.
- I’m sure I have met your girlfriend before.
- Well, I don’t think I will be here to answer the phone.
- Andy knocked on the door but nobody answered.
- After lunch, let’s go out for a coffee.
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